From “Undoing Manifest Destiny: Settler America, Christian Colonists, and the Pursuit of Justice” by L. Daniel Hawk
Conspicuously absent in these deliberations were the people who inhabited the land. The Indigenous nations of Ohio were not party to or even mentioned in the Treaty of Paris, even though most had fought for the British or the colonists. The two colonial powers negotiated claims to land as if its Indigenous occupants had no right to the land at all. Likewise, the land ordinances did not acknowledge Indigenous rights to the land, save for one oblique declaration in article 13 of the Ordinance of 1787.
The utmost good faith always be observed towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and in their property rights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity, shall from time to time be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them.
The declaration turned out to be more aspirational than realistic. Underlying it was the assumption that the Indians would one day cede their lands to the United States. The question was not whether but when and how.